Realization

The creation of Web pages is to create HTML files. There are two ways to create this type of file:

• In editing HTML files “by hand”, i.e. by entering the HTML code in a text file by using a simple text editor. This solution is the most tedious (despite the relative simplicity of HTML), but still the best way to learn to make a site, to understand how it works, and thus be able to create a code optimized and clean.
• By using an HTML editor WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get). It’s software for creating Web pages visually by placing objects and controls. The software will generate the HTML code automatically. This is a very practical solution for creating Web pages, because the complexity is largely hidden. This method can be very boring if the publisher does not achieve what the user wants. Knowledge of HTML is nevertheless desirable to be able to master the editing options advanced software, allowing to manually changing the attributes of style. On the other hand, a friendly website must contain pictures. Drawing software will be needed to enliven the site with pictures (in GIF, JPG or PNG).

Accommodation

A company making available a Web server connected to the Internet is called host and offers a service called accommodation. There are two main categories of hosts:

• Hosts free. They give free disk space on a server to create your Web pages. This type of service is generally free. They make money either with ad space on your site (this process is increasingly rare), or only through traffic on their own site.
• Hosts professionals. This type of accommodation guarantees quality service (bandwidth) and security (data security and assurance of a reduced number of breakdowns). It is quite necessary in the case of site traffic (more than 1000 visitors per day) and allows the purchase of a domain name (a name type www.commentcamarche.net).

Online

To create a website, it is not necessary to be connected to the Internet, given the fact that it is only a first step to create HTML files and images. However, when the website is ready to be seen by visitors, it is essential to put online, i.e. to transfer (copy) files from your computer to the server. To do this it is essential to connect to the Internet, then send the pages on the server with an FTP client (a software file transfer).

Promotion

A website will be visited only when a certain promotional effort has been made. Once the site is sufficiently known, the promotion may be self-perpetuating through hypertext links set up by other webmasters, as the content of the site has a sufficient interest.

How to measure the audience of a website

There are basically three options for measuring traffic to a website:

• The use of newspapers (log files) of web server by a special tool. It is to choose a tool capable of analyzing the activity logs Web server and build a dashboard containing key indicators of Web site usage.
• The development of a system of ad hoc statistics. It is possible on a website, storing each load a page of information for the visitor to exploit later. For web sites with heavy traffic, such devices can cause significant CPU and a high rate of disk space, especially if the data are stored in a system of database management.
• The use of a service “audience measurement”. This system consists of inserting into each page a “tag” allowing for measuring traffic to collect data on a server. This type of service has the advantage of saving material resources because all processing is done on the remote server. In addition, the company offering the service takes care of changing the panel indicators and dashboards proposed to be in line with constantly changing technologies of Internet access and web browsers.

Terminology

The terminology of statistics and indicators attendance websites is relatively complex and often varies from one tool to another. However, when used for comparative studies or marketing, indicators of audience measurement are meaningful only when the words used correspond to a common comparative basis (we do not compare cabbage and carrots). It is particularly important to control the definitions of each indicator. Thus this issue aims to give meaning to different terms used in the world of audience measurement. Most indicators defined below are from the work of CEPA (Center for the Study of media advertising).

Hits

A web page may be composed of a number of files, including pictures of one or more style sheets, JavaScript files, etc. A “hit” corresponds to a file loaded by the browser. A web page containing three images will thus correspond to four hits.

Page view

A “page views” (or “broadcast page”) on a full load a web page after a user action on the page (typically a click). The concept of page views is unclear because it depends heavily on the architecture of each website. A framed page (frames) and may not be recognized in the same way as a simple web page.

Visit

A visit is the consultation of a site during a session, regardless of the number or volume of pages viewed. A visit is only meaningful over time (day, week, month), we talk and visits daily, weekly or monthly. The number of visits indicates the number of jobs that came to the site over a given period.

Visitor / unique visitor

The concept of “visitor” is to understand the meaning of individual. It is “number of visitors” the number of individuals who accessed the site on a given period.

2. Optimizing titles - Since the title is what the search engines show in the results list, the objective of the optimization is twofold. On the one hand should be a claim for users entering the site, and the other must be configured so that search engines accorded a good position to the web. To achieve good rankings are advised drafting of relevant titles between 5 and 10 words in which mention at least once the keywords that optimize the web.

3. The Meta tags - Included within the tag , aim to provide information about search engines on the web. The most important are the META DESCRIPTION (describing the content of the page and serves as a description of the results in some search engines like AllTheWeb), the META tag KEYWORDS (now almost all the search engines ignored because of their manipulation to achieve greater relevance) META tag LANGUAGE (indicated by the language of the page) and the META tag ROBOTS (tells the search engine if you want to index the page and / or desire to follow the links). Although many search engines do not have in mind, it is recommended to continue for each page of the website.

4. Key words secondary - The secondary keywords must be distributed correctly in the text of a page. The recommended density (percentage of keywords on the total number of words) is between 5% and 8%. According to the principle of placing keyword proximity is recommended as close to the top of the page. To give them more importance, there are several labels:<Hn> (where n is a number from 1 to 6), <i>, <b>, <strong> and <li>. The main keyword is highlighted with a <H1> and should be placed near the top of the page.

Navigation elements
The navigation elements are tools allowing the visitor to know where it is located in the site, back where they came from and move through the sections. There are several ways of implementing navigation elements, it includes:

Breadcrumbs
It is a navigation tool consisting of a series of hierarchical links. It represents the path and allows the user:

• To identify the site.
• Easily back to main headings.

A breadcrumb is as follows:
Home > Content > Navigation

A breadcrumb has the following characteristics:

• Links separated by the “>” to symbolize the concept of hierarchy.
• Last not clickable link and bold. It is the page where the visitor is located.

The term “breadcrumb” (literally “bread crumb”) refers to the Grimm tale of “Hansel and Gretel”, recounting the story of two children lost in the forest dropping pieces of bread to find their way.

Tabbed browsing
The tabs are navigation tools useful to distinguish sections in a website and easily switch from one to another. Color codes can also be used to strengthen the differentiation between categories.

Site Map
A site map allows users to grasp the site in its entirety in a single glance. An item “you are here” may also allow the user to locate the site.

Navigation arrows
The presence of navigation arrows (following previous chapter back to back to the home page) provides intuitive navigation to the user.

Importance of content
The visitors usually come on a site for its content, rather than for its design. The main factor in assessing a web site is primarily editorial content. Thus, a simple site with interesting content is potentially far more hollow visited a site graphic treatment.

Qualification information
Any content item must be qualified. The elements include:

• An explicit title, which will appear in the title bar of your browser.
• The author’s name.
• The date of last modification.
• The copyright associated with the page and in particular the terms of distribution.
• Possible sources of information.

Style
The style of a site must be adapted to the profile of readers who will view it. The “editorial line” of the site is the policy of writing articles. A clear editorial line ensures consistency of all articles, and a special suitability of the content in the heart of the target site. In most cases, given the plurality of readership led to read your content, it is desirable to adopt a style similar to that of the journalist, ie including the following few rules:

• Do not use the first person singular (“I”).
• Avoid the impersonal pronoun “we”.
• Use a neutral tone.

The language used should be as close as possible to that drive, without being familiar. Thus, the content will be preferentially composed of simple, clear, precise and concise.

Calibration
The term “calibration” means determining the length of the article. Studies have shown that reading on screen was on average 25% slower than reading on paper. Given the difficult playing on the screen, you are strongly advised to write concise.

The HTTP protocol is currently at version 1.1 (specified by the W3C). Now the HTTPS (Secure HTTP) is increasingly used with the use of electronic commerce systems because it is a secure protocol for costing requests exchanged between the browser and the server.

Today, WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) allows a WAP-compatible mobile phone to communicate with the WAP gateway to the mobile operator. The papers will then be converted according to the HTTP protocol by the bridge. The latest version of WAP specified by the WAP Forum (the authority to define the WAP standard) is version 1.1 (early 2001).

HTML and static pages
The standard now established for the dissemination of documents on the web is HTML (HyperText Markup Language). HTML is used to define the presentation of the document and hyperlinks to other documents using formatting tags. The W3C, the body responsible for standardizing Internet standards currently (early 2001) specified the HTML version 4.01. The DHTML (Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language) which we often hear is not a language itself. It is actually a set of additional languages to HTML and to make a web page more dynamic. These languages are:

• HTML 4.0 or higher
• JavaScript, to perform operations on the client browser.
• The DOM (Document Object Model) defining a tree of objects representing the structure of the document. This allows manipulating all objects in the document.
• The style sheets (CSS - Cascading Style Sheets), combining them in one document defining the styles of each tag of a Web page or an entire site.

The dynamic web pages
A “static page” is a web page consisting of a text files containing HTML code and possibly images and links to other documents. A site consists of static Web pages and will be called “static website. A static website is sufficient when it contains a few dozen pages, but its operations and its updating can quickly reach the following limits:

• Maintenance difficult due to the requirement to manually change each page (especially in cases where all pages have the same menu).
• Unable to return a custom page as the visitor.
• Unable to create a page dynamically as entries in a database.

That is why solutions to automate the generation of web pages on the server have been developed. There are many ways to implement a scripting language on the web server, including the most common are:

• The first historically known as CGI (Common Gateway Interface) was to interpret programs (usually written in Perl or C), then return to their content compatible with the HTTP protocol.
• The language ASP (Active Server Pages) Microsoft has simplified the writing of these scripts by manipulating objects in VBScript.
• The PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) employs its own language (derived from C and Perl) and allows many features (equivalent to those of technology ASP).
• The language JSP (Java Server Pages) is the latest among these technologies. It allows you to use the power of Java to create dynamic web pages.

Java and Web
Java has long been mainly used to write applets, i.e. small programs running on the client browser, within a web page, thus make the page more interactive (but also much slower).
Java is now used mainly on the side of the web server for the following reasons:

• Java is portable (it can run on any platform).
• Java is safe (it was designed not to cause runtime error may create security vulnerabilities for the server).

Thus, there are different entities Java:

• Servlets, to make treatment as the user’s query (access to databases with JDBC, communication with other servlets through technology RMI, interrogation of LDAP, …).
• The JSPs representative HTML code in Java which is called.
• The EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans), components written in Java objects residing on an application server to access their methods.

XML
HTML quickly showed its limits, not only by its limited number of tags, but by the impossibility of separating content and presentation, which induces a problem of simple updates of the presentation. Thus, XML offers itself as a meta-language, i.e. a language used to define a new language (new tags). In addition, since XML separates the presentation of data, it is possible to exchange documents in XML format without influence on the shape of them. This enables consumers to make simple adaptation of content to a browser or to any display device (in this way, the WML (Wireless Markup Language) is an implementation of XML for viewing pages web on mobile handsets).
XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language) allows you to format a XML document using formatting rules to form a document in another format (HTML, WML, PDF, LaTeX, …)
XML organizes information using a tree structure defined by the DOM (Document Object Model), it is possible to browse an XML document with a parser (also called parser), that is to say program using a library function (API for Application Program Interface) to read and edit an XML document.

The web design is a compromise between a presentation with a stunning graphics, giving credibility and image to the company and navigation allowing the user to easily find what they seek. By extension the term means the business webdesigner to design the design of a website.

The necessary inspiration
The design of a web page is primarily an act implementing artistic inventiveness and creativity. The purpose of this guide is to give some key elements to obtain an effective design; however, a good source of inspiration may be to visit reference sites, including corporate sites.

The layout of the page
It generally leads to the creation of models of pages (in English templates), serving as templates for the creation of the website. The templates are images created in the form of layers, or web pages representing the skeleton graph of a standard page.

The traditional structure of a Web page is:

• A logo in the upper left. Most of the time the logo is clickable and leads to the home page.
• An area navigation (menu), to the left and / or right.
• A header containing the name of the site, a banner navigation and a zone for a banner (advertising or not).
• A body of the page containing the essential information.
• Footer gathering useful information such as date of update, a link to a contact form, a plan of access.

Graphic chart
A graphic charter is a synthetic document which summarizes the rules on presentation of graphic elements of a website, reflecting its visual identity. The charter defines clothing graphic chart on this page, including the sizes, colors and appearances of texts, images and buttons on the site and the relative positioning of objects on the page.

Model
A model is a fake website and summary (prototype) with the design of the site and its navigation. The model allows formalizing the design of the site and is usually the validation stage of this phase, to move to the implementation phase. The model represents the main pages of the site (without content) with static pages and can simulate navigation. Thus, the dynamic elements such as search engine, for example, lead to a page with fake results.

Size pages
The size of the web depends mainly on the definition display (resolution is the term used wrongly) Internet users. In terms of width, the ideal is to opt for a lower value to the horizontal definition of the majority of visitors, not to force them to scroll the screen with the horizontal elevator. A short page allows for visitors to easily skim information to identify items of interest. Regarding the length, it is advisable not to exceed three to five screen heights. Indeed, the pages too long may not be read in full and take longer to load.

To ensure optimal viewing for most visitors there are several strategies:

• Select the smallest width supported by the largest number (between 600 and 800 pixels wide for example).
• Choose a page with tables invisible variable widths (defined as percentages).
• Detect resolution visitors with a script (e.g. JavaScript) and redirect the visitor to a page on the right width. This method requires that visitors have a browser with JavaScript enabled and asked to create as many pages as desired widths.

Position information
When creating pages, the position of information is important. Given the sense of reading information (diagonally from top left to bottom right), information at the top of the page will be more likely to be read by Internet users.

Choosing your pictures
The images allow you to a website and make it gayer. Nevertheless abuse image may hinder visual comfort, and the loading of pages. Webmaster beginner likes to brighten their site with funny animations gleaned on the web. Where possible it is better to move because they can irritate the player and because they give an amateur site.

Background color
The choice of background color is important because a background poorly chosen may hinder readability. A good color contrast between the foreground and the dominant color of the background is required. As such, it is highly advisable to choose a background graphic as it may interfere with the reading and usually emerges a sense of amateurism. The background should generally be chosen very pale.

Typography
It is strongly against the state to use more than two fonts on a website. The stylized fonts should be used sparingly (for the title for example) and most of the web page will be made with a classic police (Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, etc.).To use traditional print, font’s wheelbase (serif) generally facilitates reading since wheelbases can accompany the eyes of the reader. On the web, the use of such policies is not recommended because under the definition of the visitors screen, the wheelbases can very quickly become handwritten embarrassing for reading. Thus, it is desirable to opt for sans serif fonts (sans serif), plus round. Finally, be aware that texts using non-standard fonts may not appear correctly on the screens of users. To create titles with such policies, it is possible to circumvent this restriction by creating transparent images with the text.

Graphic symbols
It is advisable to use symbols or icons to establish a visual signal. Caution still the choice of symbols because the sense perceived by the user may be different from that attributed to him, especially if the website has an international vocation. The following symbols are commonly used:

• A magnifying glass usually symbolizes a search function.
• Indicates an envelope can contact the webmaster by mail
• A question characterizes online help.
• A house is a link to the homepage.
• A flag indicates the language of the current page or the possibility of changing language.